Tag Archives: psychiatry

Suicide: Faces We See, Hearts We Cannot Know…1

The recent suicide of actor Robin Williams is a tragic reminder of one of our society’s epidemics. Many have been left wondering, “How can such a talented and funny man end his life?” Robin Williams’ struggles with substance use and mental illness may have been public but, like many people around the world, his private turmoil and demons won the battle.

According to the latest data provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide represented the tenth leading cause of death in the United States in 2011. If this were not alarming enough, suicide was the second leading cause of death among our teenagers and young adults (ages 15 to 34).

Recognition of warning signs, early prevention, and immediate assistance for anyone who expresses thoughts of suicide or attempts suicide are of great importance.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE WARNING SIGNS?

Many warning signs for suicidal behavior are similar to symptoms of depression:

  • Feelings of sadness or hopelessness
  • Behavioral changes
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Changes in appetite
  • Loss of interest in pleasurable or enjoyable activities
  • Poor hygiene
  • Feelings of guilt
  • Isolation from friends and family
  • Giving away or throwing out objects of personal value
  • Drug or alcohol abuse
  • Talk/verbal threats of suicide
  • Suddenly recovering from a period of depression (maybe after having decided to put an end to their suffering by ending their life)
Even in the presence of all these warning signs, it is extremely difficult to predict with certainty who will attempt suicide. We do know that the most important risk factor for the prediction of suicide is past suicidal behavior. In other words, a past suicide attempt is the best predictor of a future suicidal act.

RISK FACTORS FOR SUICIDAL BEHAVIOR:

Risk factors for suicide vary greatly from person to person depending on the severity of mental illness, personality strengths and vulnerabilities, and support system. The following list is not meant to be all-inclusive.

  • Sudden stressful life events (i.e. humiliating events, financial ruin, job loss, death of a loved one)
  • Interpersonal conflict
  • Economic problems
  • Legal problems
  • Mental illness
  • Medical problems (acute and chronic)
  • Intractable physical pain
  • Poor support system

WHAT CAN WE DO TO PREVENT SUICIDE?

It is important to recognize the above warning signs and risk factors as well as the symptoms of mental illness and alcohol/drug abuse. Early intervention is the most effective way to prevent suicide. Any statement of suicidal thoughts or suicidal behavior must be taken seriously. Anyone who expresses thoughts of suicide requires immediate medical evaluation.

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF SUICIDE ON THE SURVIVORS?

The effects of suicide on friends and family can be devastating. People who lose a loved one to suicide tend to feel guilty for the death of their family member or friend, wonder what they could have done to prevent it, and may even feel rejected by others.

Suicide survivors may experience:

  • Sadness for their loss
  • Anger towards the deceased family member
  • Feelings of guilt
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder, especially when a witness to the suicide or finding the family member after a completed suicide
  • Suicide attempts to reconnect with their lost loved one
As the aftermath of family suicide may have long lasting effects, it is important for survivors of suicide to seek help in dealing with their loss.

HOW TO HELP?

Anyone who expresses thoughts of suicide or attempts suicide should be evaluated immediately:

  • Calling 911,
  • Taking the person (yourself) to the nearest emergency room, or
  • Looking for help from a mental health professional
Psychotherapy and counseling can help the suicidal person deal with his/her feelings or negative thoughts, identify stressors, and strengthen coping skills. Psychiatric medications may also control symptoms of depression, anxiety or any other mental health condition.

Help is also available through telephone hotlines. In the United States, the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK or 1-800-273-8255) is an excellent source of support. It is for people in crisis, not just when thinking about suicide. The call is free and confidential and a mental health professional will be available to listen to you and provide information about mental health services in your community.

There is no shame in seeking help and it can save your life!

Remember…

Be Smart. Be Safe. Be Healthy. Be Strong.

Until next time!

Dr. Felix

El Suicidio: Caras Vemos, Corazones No Sabemos…

El reciente suicidio del actor Robin Williams es un recordatorio trágico de una de las epidemias de nuestra sociedad. Muchos han quedado preguntándose, “¿Cómo puede un hombre tan talentoso y cómico terminar su propia vida?” Aunque la lucha de Robin Williams con el consumo de drogas y la enfermedad mental pudo haber sido pública, al igual que muchas otras personas alrededor del mundo, su sufrimiento y demonios internos ganaron la batalla.

Según los últimos datos proporcionados por los Centros para el Control y la Prevención de Enfermedades (CDC), el suicidio representó la décima causa de muerte en los Estados Unidos en 2011. Si esto no fuese lo suficientemente alarmante, para los adolescentes y adultos jóvenes, el suicidio representó la segunda causa de muerte (entre las edades de 15 a 34 años).

Es por esto que la vigilancia de las señales de alerta, la prevención, y la ayuda inmediata para alguien que expresa ideas de suicidio o intenta suicidarse son de gran importancia.

¿CUÁLES SON ALGUNAS SEÑALES DE ALERTA?

Muchas de las señales de alerta son similares a los síntomas de la depresión:

  • Sentimientos de tristeza o desesperanza
  • Cambio de comportamiento
  • Irritabilidad
  • Ansiedad o tensión
  • Problemas al dormir
  • Cambios en el apetito
  • Pérdida de interés en actividades placenteras
  • Descuido del aspecto personal
  • Sentimientos de culpa
  • Aislamiento de amigos y familiares
  • Obsequiar o deshacerse de objetos de valor personal o favoritos
  • Consumo de alcohol y drogas
  • Hablar acerca del suicidio
  • El reponerse de manera repentina luego de un período de depresión (quizás luego de haber decidido quitarse la vida para terminar con su sufrimiento)
Aunque todas las señales estén presentes, es bien difícil determinar con certeza quien va a tomar la decisión de quitarse la vida. Lo que sí sabemos es que el factor de riesgo más importante para la predicción del suicidio es el comportamiento suicida pasado. Es decir, el haber intentado suicidarse en el pasado hace que la persona sea más propensa a intentarlo en un futuro.

FACTORES DE RIESGO PARA LA CONDUCTA SUICIDA:

Los factores de riesgo para el suicidio varían enormemente de persona a persona dependiendo de la severidad de la enfermedad mental, fortalezas y vulnerabilidades en su personalidad, y su sistema de apoyo. La siguiente lista no pretende ser exhaustiva.

  • Eventos estresantes repentinos (acontecimientos humillantes, ruina económica, pérdida del empleo, muerte de un ser querido)
  • Conflicto interpersonal
  • Problemas económicos
  • Problemas legales
  • Enfermedad mental
  • Problemas médicos (agudos o crónicos)
  • Dolor físico crónico
  • Pobre sistema de apoyo

¿CÓMO PODEMOS PREVENIR EL SUICIDIO?

Es importante reconocer las señales de alerta y factores de riesgo al igual que los síntomas de enfermedades mentales y el abuso de drogas y alcohol. La intervención temprana es la manera más eficaz de prevenir el suicidio.

Siempre debemos tomar en serio cualquier declaración de pensamientos suicidas o comportamientos suicidas. Cualquier persona que exprese ideas de suicidio debe ser evaluada inmediatamente.

¿QUÉ TRAUMA PROVOCA A LA FAMILIA EL SUICIDIO DE UN SER QUERIDO?

Los efectos del suicidio en la familia o amigos pueden ser devastadores. Las personas que pierden a un ser querido por suicidio tienden a sentirse culpables por la muerte de su familiar o amigo, preguntarse que podrían haber hecho para evitarlo, o hasta sentirse rechazados por otras personas.

Los sobrevivientes del suicidio pueden experimentar una gran variedad de sentimientos:

  • Tristeza por la pérdida
  • Enojo en contra del familiar perdido
  • Sentimientos de culpa
  • Depresión
  • Ansiedad
  • Trastorno de estrés postraumático, en especial cuando presenciaron el suicido o encontraron al familiar muerto
  • Intentos de suicidio para reencontrarse con su ser querido
Las secuelas causadas por la pérdida pueden afectar al sobreviviente del suicidio por el resto de su vida, por lo cual es importante que también busque ayuda.

¿CÓMO AYUDAR?

Cualquier persona que exprese ideas de suicidio o intente suicidarse debe ser evaluada inmediatamente:

  • Llamando al 911
  • Llevándola a la sala de emergencia más cercana, o
  • Buscando ayuda con un profesional de la salud mental
La psicoterapia y consejería pueden ayudar a la persona a lidiar con sus sentimientos o pensamientos negativos, aprendiendo a identificar factores estresantes que hacen que la persona reaccione de una manera u otra, al mismo tiempo que se aprenden las destrezas para poder reaccionar de una manera positiva. Los medicamentos psiquiátricos también podrían controlar los síntomas de depresión, ansiedad y/o alguna otra condición mental.

También se podría buscar ayuda a través de líneas telefónicas de apoyo. En los Estados Unidos, la Red Nacional de Prevención del Suicidio (1-888-628-9454) es una excelente fuente de apoyo. Es para personas en crisis, no sólo si se está pensando en el suicidio. La llamada es gratuita y confidencial. Un profesional de la salud mental estará disponible para escucharte y ofrecer información acerca de servicios de salud mental en tu comunidad.

¡No hay vergüenza en pedir ayuda y podría salvar tu vida!

Recuerda…

Sé Inteligente. Sé Precavido. Sé Saludable. Sé Fuerte.

¡Hasta la próxima!

Dr. Félix

Simply Irresistible? – Impulse Control Disorders

Luis Suárez, soccer player with the Uruguay National Team representing his country at the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil, has recently gained some notoriety. Not so much for his abilities as a soccer player but for the bite seen around the world. And this is reportedly the third time in his career when he has bitten an opponent on the field. The unsportsmanlike behavior has left many soccer enthusiasts wondering, what is wrong with Suárez?

One of the mental health diagnoses being thrown around by sports commentators, and even mental health experts, has been that of impulse control disorder. While displaying aggression at the height of a stressful event, like biting another human being, may be characteristic of a lack of impulse control, making a diagnosis without evaluating a person, whether a public figure or not, is neither responsible nor ethical. But since the topic has been on the news, I think it is important to have a discussion about impulse control disorders, how they manifest, and how to treat them.

First of all, impulse control disorder is not an actual diagnosis recognized by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). Together with disruptive and conduct disorders, they describe a set of different diagnoses characterized by “problems in the self-control of emotions and behaviors,”1 which include oppositional defiant disorder, intermittent explosive disorder, conduct disorder, antisocial personality disorder, pyromania, and kleptomania. These disorders involve the violation of the rights of others and/or “bring the individual into significant conflict with societal norms or authority figures.”2 They tend to be more common in males than females, initially manifest in childhood or early teenage years, and are generally rare.

Here is a brief overview of these disorders, all of which must cause distress in the individual or impairment in his/her level of functioning:

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Usually begins in preschool years.

How common: About 3.3%.3

Signs/Symptoms: Frequent loss of temper, anger/resentfulness, arguments with authority figures, defiance of rules, blaming others for mistakes/misbehavior, vindictiveness.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder

Usually begins in late childhood or adolescence.

How common: About 2.7%.4

Signs/Symptoms: Behavioral outbursts characterized by a failure to control aggressive impulses and manifested through verbal aggression, damage/destruction of property, or physical injury against others/animals. The outbursts cannot be premeditated and are grossly out of proportion to any provocation or stressor.

Conduct Disorder

Usually begins in mid-childhood to mid-adolescence.

How common: About 4%.5

Signs/Symptoms: Violation of the rights of others or society norms/rules manifested by bullying/intimidation of others, use of a weapon that can cause serious harm, physical cruelty towards people or animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness, theft, and serious violations of rules.

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Never diagnosed before age 18 but symptoms of conduct disorder must be present before age 15.

How common: 0.2 to 3.3%.6

Signs/Symptoms: “Pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others”7 manifested by unlawful behavior, deceitfulness, impulsivity, irritability/aggressiveness, reckless disregard for safety, consistent irresponsibility, and lack of remorse.

Pyromania

Insufficient data to determine when it usually begins.

How common: Not known.

Signs/Symptoms: Deliberate fire-setting; tension before the act followed by pleasure, gratification or relief once a fire is set; and fascination/attraction to fire.

Kleptomania

Variable age of onset.

How common: 0.3 to 0.6%8; females outnumber males 3 to 1.

Signs/Symptoms: Failure to resist impulses to steal things that are not needed for personal use or for their value; tension before the act followed by pleasure, gratification or relief once the theft is committed.

Other Disruptive, Impulse-Control and Conduct Disorders

Presentations in which symptoms of emotional or behavioral dysregulation cause clinically significant distress or impairment to the individual but that do not meet full criteria for any of the disorders above.

How are these disorders treated?

Impulse control disorders may be treated with therapy and/or medications. Early detection and intervention are important, especially when some of these disorders may bring the person in contact with the legal system. A mental health expert may evaluate the individual’s history and current presentation to determine the presence of a disorder and to establish the best treatment plan. There are different behavioral therapies that have proven effective for the management of these disorders and which should only be performed by a licensed provider.

We may not know what, if anything, is wrong with Suárez, but at least his behavior has given us the opportunity to talk about these important topics while the world is watching.

Remember…

Be Smart. Be Safe. Be Healthy. Be Strong.

Until next time!

Dr. Felix

The Dangers of Molly

“Molly” has been recently popularized in songs by Miley Cyrus and Kanye West. With lyrics like, “We like to party / Dancing with Molly / Doing whatever we want” [We Can’t Stop] and “Let’s take it back to the first party / When you tried your first molly / And came out of your body” [Blood on the Leaves], the use of the drug “Molly” has been praised and glamorized.

But, what is Molly?

Molly is a pure form of MDMA, or 3,4-methylenedioxy-methamphetamine by its chemical name. MDMA is one of the ingredients of another popular drug, Ecstasy (which may be mixed with caffeine, LSD, speed, ketamine, talcum powder, and aspirin). Regardless of its composition, ingestion of MDMA can be dangerous and even fatal.

MDMA was first synthesized by the German pharmaceutical company Merck in 1912. It was used in the late 1970s, without the approval of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), as an aid in psychotherapy and marital counseling. As of 1985, the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) has categorized MDMA as a Schedule I controlled substance due to its high potential for abuse and no accepted medical use in treatment.

MDMA is similar to the stimulant amphetamine and the hallucinogen mescaline. Taken orally in tablet or capsule form or snorted as a powder, MDMA produces an energy rush, elevated mood or euphoria, distorted perceptions, and heightened feelings of empathy. These “desired” effects are what drive people, mainly teenagers and young adults in the club and rave scene, to try and even abuse the drug, at times not fully aware of the dangers, both short- and long-term.

The number of emergency room visits related to MDMA use has more than doubled in the last 7 years. According to the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s Drug Abuse Warning Network report of 20111, there were an estimated 22,498 emergency room visits (compared to 10,227 in 2004). And the numbers keep rising…

MDMA causes a release of brain chemicals (neurotransmitters), including dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine. The massive release of serotonin as well as its eventual depletion lead to the negative effects of the substance, as detailed below:

Central Nervous System Effects:

  • Altered mental status (confusion)
  • Hyperactivity, restlessness
  • Seizures
  • Anxiety
  • Paranoia
  • Depression
  • Blurred vision
  • Hallucinations
  • Intracranial hemorrhage
  • Stroke

Cardiovascular Effects:

  • Tachycardia (increased heart rate)
  • High or low blood pressure
  • Chest pain
  • Fatal arrhythmia
  • Heart failure (risk increased in individuals with pre-existing cardiac disease)

Gastrointestinal Effects:

  • Dry mouth
  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Abdominal cramping
  • Loss of appetite

Respiratory Effects:

  • Breathing difficulty
  • Respiratory failure
  • Aspiration (inhaling vomit)

Other Signs and Symptoms:

  • Dehydration
  • Excessive thirst
  • Profuse sweating
  • Teeth grinding
  • Jaw clenching
  • Muscle spasm

MDMA toxicity may also lead to the potentially fatal Serotonin Syndrome, causing:

  • Hyperthermia (dangerously high fever)
  • Altered mental status (confusion)
  • Heart rate and blood pressure abnormalities
  • Muscle rigidity (tightness)
  • Death

Increased water intake (from heat and thirst) as well as the excessive sweating from physical exertion (dancing often in crowded and hot conditions) may lead to hyponatremia (low sodium levels). Severe hyponatremia may result in brain swelling, seizures, and death.

Most MDMA-related fatalities are attributed to symptoms of heat stroke and hyperthermia. Other causes include: dehydration, rhabdomyolysis (excessive muscle breakdown), acute kidney failure, electrolyte imbalance, cardiac arrhythmias, and stroke.

It is important to be aware of the effects of this potentially fatal drug. As if these effects were not of enough concern, MDMA may be used in the club/rave scene together with other drugs and/or alcohol, leading to a possibly fatal combination.

Beware of the several names used for MDMA, including: Molly, Mandy, Ecstasy, E, XTC, X, Adam, Clarity, Lover’s Speed, Roll, MD, Mad Dog, among others.

Remember…

Be Smart. Be Safe. Be Healthy. Be Strong.

Until next time!

Dr. Felix

Teen Suicide

Suicide is one of our society’s epidemics. According to the latest data provided by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), suicide represented the tenth leading cause of death in the United States in 2009. If this were not alarming enough, suicide is the third leading cause of death among our teenagers.

Recognition of warning signs, early intervention, and immediately seeking help for anyone who expresses thoughts of suicide or attempts suicide are of great importance.

WHAT ARE THE MOST COMMON CAUSES OF SUICIDE AMONG TEENS?

Adolescence is an extremely stressful period in our development. The transition between childhood and adulthood is marked by enormous changes: hormonal, physical, mental, and emotional. The stress caused by these changes can have a significant impact on the teenager’s life.

Some stressors include:

  • Normal developmental changes
  • Painful events
  • Family dysfunction
  • Physical, emotional or sexual abuse
  • School problems or bullying
  • Problems with boyfriend/girlfriend
  • Sexual orientation
  • Mental illness
These stressful factors can be very overwhelming, too embarrassing, or too difficult to overcome for some teenagers. Suicide may erroneously seem like the answer to end their problems and/or internal suffering.

WHAT ARE SOME OF THE WARNING SIGNS?

Many warning signs for suicidal behavior are similar to symptoms of depression:

  • Feelings of sadness or hopelessness
  • Behavioral changes
  • Irritability
  • Anxiety
  • Trouble sleeping
  • Changes in appetite
  • Loss of interest in enjoyable activities (hanging out with friends, video games)
  • Poor hygiene
  • Feelings of guilt
  • Isolation from friends and family
  • Giving away or throwing out objects of personal value
  • Drug or alcohol abuse
  • Suddenly recovering from a period of depression (maybe after having decided to put an end to their suffering by ending their life)
  • Talk/verbal threats of suicide
Even in the presence of all these warning signs, it is extremely difficult to predict with certainty who will attempt suicide. We do know that the most important risk factor for the prediction of suicide is past suicidal behavior. In other words, a past suicide attempt is the best predictor of a future suicidal act.

WHAT CAN PARENTS DO TO PREVENT SUICIDE?

It is important to recognize the above warning signs. Early intervention is the most effective way to prevent suicide among our children.

Any statement of suicidal thoughts or suicidal behavior must be taken seriously. Anyone who expresses thoughts of suicide requires immediate medical evaluation.

Other recommendations include:

  • Maintaining an open communication with our children
  • Making our children feel comfortable to talk to us about their problems/feelings
  • Supporting our children
  • Keeping medications and firearms away from children

WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF SUICIDE ON THE SURVIVORS?

The effects of suicide on the family can be devastating. People who lose a loved one to suicide tend to feel guilty for the death of their family member, wonder what they could have done to prevent it, or even feel rejected by other family members or friends.

Suicide survivors may experience:

  • Sadness for their loss
  • Anger towards the deceased family member
  • Feelings of guilt
  • Depression
  • Anxiety
  • Posttraumatic stress disorder, especially when witness to the suicide or finding the family member after a completed suicide
  • Suicide attempts to reconnect with their lost loved one

As the aftermath of family suicide may have long lasting effects, it is important for survivors of suicide to seek help in dealing with their loss.

HOW TO HELP A SUICIDAL TEEN?

Anyone who expresses thoughts of suicide or attempts suicide should be evaluated immediately:

  • Call 911
  • Take the person to the nearest emergency room, or
  • Look for help from a mental health professional

Psychotherapy and counseling can help the suicidal person deal with his/her feelings or negative thoughts, identify stressors, and strengthen coping skills. Psychiatric medications may also control symptoms of depression, anxiety or any other mental health condition.

Help is also available through telephone hotlines. The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK or 1-800-273-8255) is an excellent source of support. It is for people in crisis, not just when thinking about suicide. The call is free and confidential and a mental health professional will be available to listen and provide information about mental health services in your community.

Remember…

Be Smart. Be Safe. Be Healthy. Be Strong.

Until next time!

Dr. Felix

To Take, or Not To Take: That is the Question… Medications for Psychiatric Illness

My psychiatrist wants me to take this medication. What should I do?

The term psychotropic, a way to describe medications used for the treatment of mental conditions, means that the medication affects or alters the activity of the brain. While the words affect and alter tend to have a negative connotation, the changes that occur in the brain from its exposure to these medications can have beneficial and long-lasting effects on your mental condition. They are used to treat mood, anxiety, psychosis, and many other psychiatric disorders.

Being honest with your psychiatrist about your symptoms is extremely important. While your primary doctor may diagnose your high blood pressure or diabetes by checking your blood pressure or blood sugar levels, psychiatry is limited in the amount of actual tests that we can perform. Some reversible causes of depression may be detected in the blood (for example, certain vitamin deficiencies or thyroid dysfunction) but the bulk of the diagnoses made in psychiatry require a careful examination of your clinical symptoms by a trained mental health professional. Being frank and open about your symptoms will allow your psychiatrist to diagnose you with the correct mental health condition and prescribe you the right course of treatment.

All medications, regardless of the condition they are intended to treat, are foreign substances to your body. This means that side effects may occur. Prior to starting a new medication, it is important to have a discussion with your psychiatrist about the most common side effects of the proposed treatment. Some may be slightly bothersome but temporary; your body’s reaction to the new substance flowing through your system. Other adverse effects may be longer-lasting and may lead to permanent changes.

Most psychotropic medications, like those used to treat depression and anxiety, are what we call “maintenance medications.” They do not work like the Tylenol or Motrin that you reach for when you have a headache and expect to relieve your pain within an hour or two. Maintenance medications must be taken on a daily basis, preferably around the same time every day, and as prescribed by your doctor. Over the first weeks of treatment, the medication will slowly build up to a therapeutic level in your bloodstream, allowing it to reach its full potential. Your doctor may choose to “start low and go slow” with the dose, letting the medication reach that therapeutic or effective level over some time. This approach will minimize possible adverse effects and ensure you end up on the right dose. In other words, the medication may take some time to fully work but it will prevent you from taking more medication than needed in the long term.

Taking your psychotropic medication on a consistent basis will allow you to improve sooner. Taking these types of medication “only when I am down or anxious” or “as needed” may not only prolong the duration of your symptoms but may also cause you to experience side effects from the constant re-exposure to the medication. And just because you are feeling better does not mean it is time to stop the medication. I always tell my patients to treat the psychotropic medication I prescribe as they would an antibiotic. What does your primary doctor tell you?: “Finish all your antibiotics as prescribed.” Prematurely ending a course of treatment with psychotropic medications may lead to inadequate treatment response, return of your symptoms, and even withdrawal symptoms from abruptly stopping the medication.

Your psychiatrist may decide to continue your medication for depression or anxiety some months past your return to baseline. This will guarantee that the brain chemistry imbalance causing your condition is adequately managed and addressed. Your doctor may then slowly decrease the dose, monitoring you for continued stability and any possible withdrawal symptoms. Other medications, for example those used for psychosis in schizophrenia or for mood stabilization in bipolar disorder, may require long-term treatment.

And what are withdrawal symptoms? Does this mean I am addicted to the medication? Remember, psychotropic medications alter the functioning of your brain with the goal of improving whatever symptoms that are affecting you. Addiction does occur with some psychiatric medications, especially with benzos like Valium and Xanax used for the treatment of anxiety. But other medications, like antidepressants, require a dose decrease prior to discontinuation to make certain those areas of your body that were sensitized by the medication are slowly “weaned” off it.

Finally, psychotropic medications are not for everyone. Your psychiatrist may decide that a course of psychotherapy and/or counseling may be more appropriate at first. Your doctor may also prescribe medication in conjunction with psychotherapy. Whatever the decision, remember that it will be based on the information gathered along your treatment. And in the case of your relationship with your psychiatrist… Honesty IS the best policy!

Be Smart. Be Safe. Be Healthy. Be Strong.

Until next time!

Dr. Felix

PTSD and Response to Traumatic Events in the Aftermath of the Boston Marathon Bombings, Sandy Hook and Other Recent Tragedies

Following recent traumatic events, such as the Boston Marathon bombings, the Sandy Hook massacre in Newtown, Connecticut, and other tragedies in the United States and around the world, it is imperative to address the importance of early recognition and treatment of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders.

Acute stress disorder (ASD) and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may arise after direct exposure to a traumatic event, actual or threatened death of a family member or close friend, or repeated exposure to details about a traumatic event (1). Symptoms of ASD and PTSD are fairly similar and the distinction is largely based on the time frame to the beginning and duration of symptoms. Symptoms related to ASD last up to four weeks and must arise within one month of exposure to the traumatic event. In PTSD, the duration of symptoms is beyond 30 days. While your repeated exposure to details of a traumatic event from media coverage is not considered a cause of ASD and PTSD, the impact of graphic and violent images may affect people in different ways and may lead to temporary mood changes or worsen any pre-existing depressive or anxiety disorders.

The lifetime prevalence of PTSD in the United States adult population is estimated to be 6.8% (2). Women may be up to three times more likely to develop PTSD than men. Risk factors to develop PTSD, in addition to exposure to a traumatic event, include: being a female, having other mental illnesses (like depression and anxiety), having a family history of psychiatric illness, being a victim of abuse, or having a poor support system.

The following are key symptoms of PTSD but this condition may affect you in many different ways. Symptoms may also become severe enough to the point that they affect your day-to-day life and functioning.

Flashbacks or intrusive thoughts about the trauma

Nightmares or recurring dreams (about the trauma or with related themes)

Avoidance of memories or outside cues that remind you of the trauma (for example: blocking memories, avoiding conversations about the trauma, or driving the long way home to avoid the intersection where your car accident occurred)

Anxiety

Being easily frightened or startled

Sleep problems

Difficulty concentrating

Irritability or anger

Survivor’s guilt

Social isolation

Depression

Loss of interest in pleasurable activities

Feelings of detachment or numbness

Inability to fully express your emotions

Mistrust of others

Thoughts of suicide or suicide attempts

Early intervention following a traumatic event is important. For some people, talking about it with a family member or friend (“getting it off your chest”) may be enough. Others may need longer treatment with therapy and even medication.

Talk about your feelings: How safe do I feel? How has the trauma affected me? Am I afraid to leave the house? Am I self-medicating with drugs or alcohol? Why is my family so worried? What can I do?

The National Suicide Prevention Lifeline (1-800-273-TALK or 1-800-273-8255) is an excellent source of support. It is for people in crisis, not just if you are thinking of ending your life. When you dial Lifeline, your call is routed to the crisis center closest to your location. The call is free and confidential. Someone will be there to listen to you and to provide you with information on mental health services in your community.

Remember, there is no shame in seeking help. We all need a little push every now and then.

Be Smart. Be Safe. Be Healthy. Be Strong.

Until next time!

Dr. Felix

Trastorno de Estrés Postraumático a Consecuencia del Atentado del Maratón de Boston, Sandy Hook y Otras Tragedias Recientes

Después de acontecimientos recientes, como el atentado del Maratón de Boston, la masacre de Sandy Hook en Newtown, Connecticut, y otras tragedias en los Estados Unidos y alrededor del mundo, es imprescindible abordar la importancia de la detección temprana y el tratamiento de los trastornos de estrés agudo y postraumático.

El trastorno de estrés agudo y el trastorno de estrés postraumático pueden surgir después de la exposición directa a un acontecimiento traumático, muerte o amenaza de muerte de un familiar o amigo cercano, o la exposición repetida a los detalles de un evento traumático (1). Los síntomas del trastorno de estrés agudo y el trastorno de estrés postraumático son bastante similares y la distinción se basa en el tiempo transcurrido al inicio de los síntomas y a su duración. Los síntomas del trastorno de estrés agudo duran hasta cuatro semanas y deben surgir dentro de un mes después de la exposición al evento traumático. En el trastorno de estrés postraumático, la duración de los síntomas continúa más allá de 30 días. Mientras que tu exposición repetida a los detalles de un evento traumático difundidos en los medios de comunicación no se considera una de las causas de estos desordenes de estrés, el impacto de las imágenes gráficas y violentas puede afectar a personas de diferentes maneras y puede conducir a cambios temporeros de humor o empeorar algún trastorno depresivo o de ansiedad anteriormente diagnosticado.

La prevalencia del trastorno de estrés postraumático en la población adulta de los Estados Unidos se estima en 6.8% (2). Las mujeres pueden estar hasta tres veces más propensas a desarrollar este trastorno en comparación a los hombres. Los factores de riesgo para desarrollar el trastorno de estrés postraumático, además de la exposición a un evento traumático, son: ser mujer, tener otras enfermedades mentales (como la depresión y la ansiedad), tener un historial familiar de enfermedad psiquiátrica, haber sido víctima de abuso, o tener un pobre sistema de apoyo.

Los siguientes son los síntomas principales del trastorno de estrés postraumático, pero esta condición te puede afectar de muchas diferentes maneras. Los síntomas también pueden ser lo suficientemente graves como para afectar tu vida y funcionamiento diario.

Imágenes impactantes (“flashbacks”) o pensamientos intrusivos sobre el trauma

Pesadillas o sueños recurrentes sobre el trauma o temas relacionados

Evitar recuerdos o señales externas que te recuerden el trauma (por ejemplo, la represión de memorias, el evitar conversaciones sobre el trauma, o conducir el camino mas largo de regreso a casa para evitar la intersección donde se produjo tu accidente de automóvil)

Ansiedad

Asustarte fácilmente

Problemas del sueño

Dificultar a concentrarte

Irritabilidad o enojo

Sentimientos de culpabilidad como sobreviviente del trauma

Aislamiento social

Depresión

Pérdida de interés en actividades placenteras

Sentimientos de desapego o entumecimiento emocional

Incapacidad para expresar plenamente tus emociones

Desconfianza de los demás

Pensamientos de suicidio o intentos de suicidio

La intervención temprana después de un evento traumático es importante. Para algunas personas, hablar del trauma con un familiar o amigo (“sacárselo del pecho”) puede ser suficiente. Otras personas pueden necesitar tratamiento más prolongado con terapia e incluso medicamentos.

Habla de tus sentimientos: ¿Qué tan seguro me siento? ¿Cómo me ha afectado el trauma? ¿Tengo miedo de salir de casa? ¿Me estoy automedicando con drogas o alcohol? ¿Por qué mi familia está tan preocupada? ¿Qué puedo hacer?

La Red Nacional de Prevención del Suicidio (1-888-628-9454) es una excelente fuente de apoyo. Es para personas en crisis, no sólo si estás pensando en terminar tu vida. Cuando llamas a la Red, tu llamada será dirigida al centro de crisis más cercano a ti. La llamada es gratuita y confidencial. Un profesional de la salud mental estará disponible para escucharte y ofrecerte información acerca de servicios de salud mental en tu comunidad.

Recuerda, no hay vergüenza en pedir ayuda. Todos necesitamos un pequeño empujón de vez en cuando.

Se Inteligente. Se Precavido. Se Saludable. Se Fuerte.

¡Hasta la proxima!

Dr. Félix

 

Welcome to My Blog!

Hello Dear Reader:

Welcome to my blog!

I plan to address mental health issues: from stigma to advocacy, from medications to therapy, from conventional to alternative, from funny to serious, from hot topics to current events.

I hope you will find the content of my blog useful and educational.

Off to write I go!

Dr. Felix